Resumo Existem lacunas em nosso conhecimento sobre a biologia de peixes importantes no consumo em países tropicais. A pesca em pequena escala é difícil de estudar e regulamentar, especialmente em países sem monitoramento sistemático de espécies. Em Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro) observamos 490 indivíduos de badejo (Mycteropeca acutirostris), nas pescarias, em 2013-2014 e 2018-2020. O kg médio dos badejos pescados foi de 1,36kg (n=466 indivíduos). Observou-se um padrão decrescente de capturas para o badejo. Portanto, considerando que a tecnologia pesqueira e o número de pescadores permaneceram os mesmos, a aparente diminuição do badejo necessita ser investigada mais detalhadamente. Os resultados desse estudo fornecem informações sobre a reprodução do badejo, com maior época de desova na primavera (setembro-dezembro) e desova adicional durante o mês de abril, no sudeste do Brasil. Análises genéticas sobre amostras de 96 badejos obtidos ao longo da costa do Brasil foram conduzidas. A informação genética obtida para as espécies permitiu-nos determinar a proximidade genética relativa de M. acutirostris e Mycteroperca bonaci e obter informações úteis para a aquicultura e conservação. Os objetivos deste estudo são: a) obter dados sobre a atividade pesqueira (desembarque de capturas) de badejo (Comb grouper, Mycteroperca acutirostris) em Copacabana, Posto 6; b) verificar o período reprodutivo dos badejos capturados nas pescarias, ao longo do ano; c) desenvolver um grande número de marcadores SNPs, que podem ser úteis para estudos de populações de garoupa (Mycteroperca e Epinephelus); d) obter dados sobre o preço do badejo. Existem muitas lacunas no conhecimento sobre M. acutirostris; este estudo pretende adicionar dados sobre biologia e ecologia do badejo e ajudar a subsidiar objetivos de conservação.

Abstract There are gaps in our knowledge of important fish consumed by people in tropical countries. Small-scale fisheries are difficult to regulate, especially in countries with no species monitoring. At Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro), we observed 490 individuals of badejo (Comb grouper) (Mycteropeca acutirostris in 2013-2014 and in 2018-2020. The average catch was 1.36 kg (n=466 individuals). A pattern of decreasing catches was observed for Comb grouper. Therefore, provided that the fishing gear and the number of fish have remained the same, the apparent decrease in Comb grouper needs to be further investigated. The results provide information about the major spawning season, around spring (September-December) with additional spawning during April. Genetic analyses in samples from 96 grouper obtained along the coast of Brazil were conducted. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) loci obtained for grouper species enabled us to determine the relative genetic proximity of M. acutirostris and Mycteroperca bonaci, information that can be useful for aquaculture and conservation. The objectives of this study were: a) to obtain data about the fishing activity (catch landings) of Comb groupers at Copacabana, Posto 6; b) to verify the reproductive period of Comb grouper, throughout the year, through the catches from the fishery; c) to develop a large numbers of SNP markers, which can be useful to studies about grouper populations (Mycteroperca and Epinephelus); and, d) to obtain data on the price of the Comb grouper. This study contributes data on the fishery and on the biology and ecology of groupers, and further contributes to conservation efforts.

Soybean is one of the most valuable and profitable oil crop species and a thorough knowledge of the genetic structure of this crop is necessary for developing the best breeding strategies. In this study, a representative collection of soybean cultivars recommended for farming in all Brazilian regions was genotyped using 27 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. A total of 130 alleles were detected, with an average allelic number of 4.81 per locus. These alleles determined the core set that best represented this soybean germplasm. The Bayesian analysis revealed the presence of two clusters or subgroups within the whole collection (435 soybean cultivars) and the core set (31 entries). Cultivars of similar origin (ancestral) were clustered into the same groups in both analyses. The genetic diversity parameters, based on the SSR loci, revealed high similarity between the whole collection and core set. Differences between the two clusters detected in the core set were attributed more to the frequency of their ancestors than to their genetic base. In terms of ancestry, divergent groups were presented and a panel is shown which may foster efficient breeding programs and aid soybean breeders in planning reliable crossings in the development of new varieties.

Acrocomia aculeata is a perennial, fruit-producing palm tree, native to tropical forests. Its fruits have spurred interest because of their significant potential for use in the cosmetic industry and as feedstock for biofuel. In the present study, the genetic structure and mating system in Acrocomia aculeata were analyzed, using eight nuclear microsatellite loci and samples from São Paulo and Minas Gerais states, Brazil. By means of Bayesian analysis, these populations were clustered into two or three groups. A high multilocus outcrossing rate suggests that outcrosses were predominant, although a certain degree of biparental inbreeding also occurred. Thus, although monoecious and self-compatible, there is every indication that A. aculeata bears a mixed reproductive system, with a predominance of outcrossing. Given the genetic structure revealed hereby, future conservation strategies and germplasm collecting should be focussed on sampling and preserving individuals from different clusters.

Locos microssatélites e dados de genealogia foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética de um grupo de 168 cultivares brasileiras de soja. Os dezoito locos utilizados apresentaram em média 5,06 alelos por loco e coeficiente de diversidade genética médio de 0,58. O dendrograma final resultante da matriz de distância genética de Roger modificado por Wright, apresentou boa concordância com a ancestralidade dos grupos formados. Também foi estimado os coeficientes de parentesco entre as cultivares, sendo observada variação de 0 a 1 com média de 0,18, enquanto que as similaridades para os locos microssatélites (1- GD) variou de 0,01 a 0,90 com média de 0,25. A correlação entre as duas matrizes obtidas determinada pelo teste Z de Mantel apresentou valor baixo, 0,31, mas significativo (p<0,001). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os locos microssatélites aliados às informações de genealogia proporcionam melhor análise da diversidade genética de cultivares de soja.

In this study, simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci and pedigree data were used to investigate the genetic relationship in a group of 168 Brazilian soybean cultivars. Eighteen SSR loci produced an average of 5.06 alleles and a mean gene diversity of 0.58 for the cultivars studied. Genetic distance (GD) was determined using the modified Roger's Wright distance, and a final dendrogram was in agreement with the cultivar pedigree. A distance matrix based on the coefficient of parentage scores was also generated for the cultivars, which ranged from 0 to 1, with a mean of 0.18, whereas SSR-based genetic similarity (1- GD) ranged from 0.01 to 0.90, with a mean of 0.25. Mantel's Z test showed that the similarity matrices generated from both the data sets were low, but significantly correlated (r = 0.31, p<0.001). The results showed that SSR data and pedigree analyses could help to quantify more accurately the degree of relationship among the soybean cultivars.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar os efeitos do melhoramento sobre a diversidade do germoplasma da soja cultivada nas três ultimas décadas, por meio da comparação de seis programas de melhoramento e períodos de lançamento de cultivares, utilizando locos microssatélites. Em relação aos programas de melhoramento, todos os locos apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas distribuições alélicas. Alguns locos eram compostos de alelos exclusivos em alguns programas de melhoramento, enquanto outros foram compostos sempre dos mesmos alelos em maior freqüência para todos os programas. A AMOVA indicou maior porção da variância devido a cultivares dentro de programas e somente 5,3% (p<0,05) devido à diferença entre programas. Quando comparados os programas de melhoramento entre si, cinco entre as 15 comparações apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05), estando presente o programa IAC em quatro destas cinco comparações. As estimativas de variabilidade da soja entre os períodos de melhoramento avaliados indicaram que somente 1,78% da variância total foi devida à diferença entre períodos (p>0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o germoplasma de soja utilizado em programas de melhoramento no Brasil manteve nível constante de diversidade genética nos últimos 30 anos, além de relativa heterogeneidade de determinados programas.

The objective of this work was to detect the effects of plant breeding over the genetic diversity of soybean germplasm grown during the last three decades by comparing six different breeding programs and releasing intervals of soybean cultivars, using microsatellite loci. Regarding the breeding programs, all loci presented significantly different allelic distributions. Some loci presented alleles restricted to unique breeding programs, while others had a same allele being the most frequent in all the six programs. The AMOVA revealed that the major proportion of the variance occurred among cultivars within breeding programs and only 5.3% (p<0.05) of the whole variance was due to differences among breeding programs. When the breeding programs were pairwise-compared, five out of the 15 comparisons showed significant differences (p<0.05), being the IAC program within four of them. Soybean variability estimates of the five different releasing intervals revealed that just 1.78% of the variance is due to differences among them (p>0.05). The results suggest that the soybean germplasm pool involved in breeding programs in Brazil has maintained a stable genetic diversity during the past 30 years, in addition to a relative heterogeneity of some breeding programs.

Microsatellite markers or SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) have proved to be an excellent tool for cultivar identification, pedigree analysis and the evaluation of genetic distance among organisms. Soybean cultivars have been characterized mainly by morphological and biochemical traits. However, these traits have not been sufficient to characterize the large number of cultivars eligible to receive protection under the Brazilian Cultivar Protection Act. In order to define new soybean cultivar markers, the alleles of twelve SSR loci of 186 Brazilian soybean cultivars were studied by estimating the variation in their size range and their respective frequencies. On average, 5.3 alleles per locus were detected, with a mean genetic diversity of 0.64 ± 0.12. These loci were used to distinguish morphologically similar groups, presenting a mean similarity coefficient of 0.46; their use allowed to determine 184 profiles for the 186 cultivars. A dendrogram based on the SSR loci profiles showed good agreement with the cultivar pedigree information.